Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS)
Macrophage activation syndrome is a complication of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis that is not very common but has a risk of being life threatening. There is a pressing need for specialized services that aid in drug and therapy development for improving and accelerating Mas research. We are fully capable of meeting your needs in Macrophage activation syndrome therapy development.
Introduction to Macrophage Activation Syndrome
A macrophage activation syndrome defines a phenomenon with extreme and potentially irreversible proportions where characterized by uncontrolled Activation of macs and T cells triggers a storm of cytokines which results in the dysfunction of many organs. rheumatic diseases, and specifically, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, a menudo undergoes this but infections, malignancies or other comes autoimmune conditions as well. Literature produced in recent years suggests that the incidence of cases of MAS is estimated to be between 0.9 and 4.2 per 100,000 people annually. This highlights the fact that the condition is rare yet impactful.
Pathogenesis of Macrophage Activation Syndrome
The progression of MAS is intimately connected to a cytokine storm, associated with high SJIA activity or viral infections. In both instances, there is a notable increase in cytokine levels which include IL-1, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α, which are of utmost importance. Viral infections catalyze the recognition of pathogens in the body owing to the activation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by toll-like receptors (TLRs). This leads to an increased release of proinflammatory cytokine and further amplifies the inflammation. Moreover, infection-induced activation and expansion of CD8+ T cells and NK cell along with their impaired cytolytic activity are also quite important in leading to hyperinflammation, which then culminates into macrophage activation and subsequent tissue damage usually seen in MAS.
Fig. 1"Cytokine storm" and the development of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS).(Schulert, G.S. and Grom, A.A., 2015)
Diagnosis Development of Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Current efforts delve into disabling Mas Activation Syndrome by circumnavigating infections, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or any plausibly overlapping ailment with Mas. In doing so, individuals benefited but literature defines that nurses and doctors from all healthcare settings struggle in providing a diagnose due to an overlap of symptom complexity.
Therapy Development of Macrophage Activation Syndrome
MAS has many underlying causes, and small-molecule drugs seek to treat APP-MAS by targeting specific cellular pathways or signaling cascades. Anakinra: This medication acts as an IL-1 receptor antagonist by blocking its activity which is central to MAS. Tocilizumab: A monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-6 receptor. Tocilizumab blocks IL-6 production to which MAS individuals have heightened response.
MACS initiates from proteins or receptors and monoclonal antibodies address those structures within APP-MAS. Canakinumab: Canakinumab is an IL-1β monoclonal antibody which has been approved for some autoinflammatory diseases and has proven to work for individuals suffering from APP-MAS. Infliximab: This mAb to elevated TNFα levels seen in MAS is also used for individuals with uncontrolled disease.
Cell-based therapies involve the infusion of immune cells or stem cells to modulate the immune response in MAS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties and have shown promise in studies for treating MAS. Regulatory T cells (Tregs): Infusion of ex vivo expanded Tregs may help restore immune balance and suppress hyperinflammation in MAS.
Cell based therapies consist of the injection of immune cells or stem cells for the purpose of regulating the immune system of a individual with MAS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): MSCs have immunosuppressive effects and have been studied for the therapeutic of MAS. Regulatory T cells (Tregs): The infusion of Tregs, which have been expanded ex vivo, may restore the normal immune equilibrium in the individual and inhibit excessive inflammation associated with MAS.
Our Services
We base our company's operating model on forging strategic partnerships. We work together with our partners to develop effective and innovative Macrophage activation syndrome therapy plans and offer seamless support during the undertaking.
Animal Models of Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Animal Models of Macrophage Activation Syndrome
We possess the know-how and resourceful skills required to develop and accurately utilize appropriate animal models of the disease to MAC therapy. These models allow us to determine the safety and effectiveness of possible therapies.
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| We provide diverse model choices customized to meet specific research needs related to Macrophage activation syndrome. | ||
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| Syngeneic Models | ||
| Syngeneic models have become invaluable tools in preclinical research. Our company offers a comprehensive range of services in syngeneic model development. | ||
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| Genetically Engineered Models | ||
| Our expertise in genetic engineering techniques allows us to generate accurate and reliable models that recapitulate the genetic alterations observed in human Macrophage activation syndrome. | ||
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| Optional Species | Mice, Rats, Non-human primates, Others | |
In addition to these models, our comprehensive services encompass other models that target specific signaling pathways and molecular targets.
If our services align with your goals, please contact us for more details.
References
- Schulert, G.S. and Grom, A.A., "Pathogenesis of macrophage activation syndrome and potential for cytokine- directed therapies." Annu Rev Med, (2015). 66: p. 145-159.
- Andersson, U., "Hyperinflammation: On the pathogenesis and treatment of macrophage activation syndrome." Acta Paediatr, (2021). 110(10): p. 2717-2722.
All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.