Anaplasma marginale infection significantly impacts production within the livestock industry. Not only does it increase therapeutic expenses and lead to the death of animals, but it also constricts the economy substantially. Our organization has made considerable strides in attaining mastery in the Anaplasmosis therapy and wishes to further facilitate the various hurdles brought forth by this disease by releasing new solutions to the market.
Overview of Anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis is a viral disease posed by a group of transmittable diseases, which is severe for both animals and humans, and results from a membrane breaking bacteria of the recognized as Anaplasma. The main stress in humans is Anaplasma phagocytophilum, while A. marginale is the most dominant in animals. Such pathogens penetrate and multiply in the blood cells of the host which gives rise to a number of symptoms that include fever, anemia, a decrease in weight and in extreme situations, death and organ failure occur.
Fig. 1 Graphic representation of the "desired" Th1-type immune response in animals protected against bovine anaplasmosis. (Salinas-Estrella E., et al., 2022)
Vaccine Development for Anaplasmosis
Live Vaccines
In the past, live vaccines against Anaplasma marginale have been used. Though Anaplasma centrale, a heterologous live vaccine, has been used with some success, studies have pointed out its shortcomings. There have been instances of failures in controlling outbreaks and protecting against the highly virulent strain of the bacterium Anaplasma marginale.
Inactivated Vaccines
Investigations have established that Anaplasma antigens, which are inactivated adjuvants, stimulate and allow cross protection strategies when properly formulated with inactivated adjuvants. Such antigens are however not sufficient as they also allow some infection into the cattle, but they have shown a lot of potential in caring for the animals against the clinical signs.
New-Generation Vaccines
Concurrently with the advancements in inactivated vaccines, scientists have been spearheading the exploration of cutting-edge approaches for developing next-generation Anaplasmosis vaccines. This innovative pursuit encompasses the research and development of DNA vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, and genetically modified organisms as promising avenues for immunoprophylaxis against this challenging disease.
Therapeutics Development for Anaplasmosis
Tetracycline antibiotics, especially long-acting oxytetracycline, have been the cornerstone in treating Anaplasmosis. But researchers have pinpointed the weaknesses that these traditional approaches have including the limitations in achieving total carrier clearance and the potential for some pharmacokinetic impedances. In a bid to tackle these constraints, scientists have reoriented their endeavours towards developing granular chemotherapeutic protocols, examining new classes of antimicrobial agents and combination therapy options.
Table 1. Summary of therapeutics and control of anaplasmosis. (Atif F. A., et al., 2021)
| Disease |
Therapeutics |
Control |
| Bovine anaplasmosis (A.marginale) |
Oxytetracycline (injection), and chlortetracycline hydrochloride (feed) for elimination of carrier infection as well. |
Identification of vectors & control, oxytetracycline, tick & or Anaplasma vaccine, prevent iatrogenic or mechanical transmission, endemic stability. |
| Bovine anaplasmosis (A.centrale) |
Usually not required |
Identification of vectors & control, oxytetracycline, tick & or Anaplasma vaccine, prevent iatrogenic or mechanical transmission. |
| Bovine anaplasmosis (A.bovis) |
Oxytetracycline @ 20 mg/kg IV along with 500 ml normal saline. |
Identification of vectors, bio/chemical control, tetracyclines, tick vaccine |
| Ovine/caprine anaplasmosis (A.ovis) |
Tetracycline |
Identification of vectors, bio/chemical control, tetracyclines, tick vaccine |
| Canine cyclic thrombocytopenia (A.plats) |
Doxycycline @5–10 mg/kg q12–24 h for 8–10 days or Enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg, q12 h for 14–21 days |
Tick elimination, collar, pour-on, or spot-on acaricidal products for R. sanguineus ticks, knowledge of tick seasonality and ecology. |
Our Services
As a prominent figure in the realm of Anaplasmosis vaccine and therapy development, our organization is deeply committed to delivering groundbreaking solutions that effectively tackle the mounting difficulties presented by this relentless infectious disease.
Disease Models
- SCID Mice Models
- C3H/HeN Mice Models
- BALB/c Mice Models (human A. phagocytophilum isolate NY-18)
- Sheep Models (I. scapularis ticks)
Preclinical Research
- Drug Safety Evaluation
- In Vivo Pharmacokinetics Study
- In Vitro Pharmacokinetics Study
- Activity Testing
- Drug Resistance Evaluation
With our significant experience and advanced infrastructure, we assist our customers in boosting their Anaplasmosis drug and vaccine development projects, minimizing the risk of gaining the regulatory approvals and able to commercially sell the vaccine or drug. If this set of services has interested you, we would like to invite you and contact us for more details as well as get quotations for the services needed.
References
- Salinas-Estrella Elizabeth, et al. "Bovine Anaplasmosis: Will there ever be an almighty effective vaccine?." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9 (2022): 946545.
- Atif, Farhan Ahmad, Kashif Hussain, and Saba Mehnaz. "Strategies for prevention and control of anaplasmosis: at human-animal interface." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58.5 (2021).
All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use
only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.
