The emergence of efficient immunization and therapies against typhoid fever is important in ameliorating the worldwide burden of the disease. Our company is dedicated to advancing the scientific understanding of typhoid fever and translating this knowledge into innovative solutions that save lives.
Introduction to Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever can be described as an immense global health concern as it is caused by a gram negative Salmonella enterica which is linked to the development of a systemic infection. Contaminated water and food is the main source of obtaining this infection, and is quite common in third world countries. An estimate of 11-20 million people develop this disease, particularly in regions where sanitation is lacking within a given year. Moreover, abdominal discomfort alongside a high fever and digestive issues are typical side effects that one experiences. Even after the improvement in hygiene, this infection is still widely spread across South Asia, attributing typhoid fever for a considerable amount of suffers both through morbidity and mortality within the region.
Fig.1 Estimated incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers by country per 100,000 population, 2015. (Radhakrishnan A., et al., 2018)
Vaccine Development for Typhoid Fever
The development of vaccines against Typhoid fever has gone through multiple changes over the years, with each vaccine trying to overcome the challenges faced by its predecessors. The first set of vaccines developed were whole cell vaccines, which were quite moderately effective but came with a fair share of reactogenicity. However, the introduction of the second generation vaccines such as the live-attenuated Ty21a or the Vi-polysaccharide vaccine enhanced both the safety and efficacy levels.
Compared to the previous developments, the introduction of the Typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV) has proved to be. These vaccines help in augmenting the potency of the immune system and as a result allow the recipient's body to have lifelong immunity from the disease , especially in children. Moreover, the vaccines have been quite effective drug in decreasing the intensity of the disease in endemic regions.
Table 1 Current Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Development Pipeline. (Syed K. A., et al., 2020)
|
Manufacturer |
Location |
Technology Transfer Agreement |
Product Details |
Clinical Development Status |
WHO Prequalification |
| Bharat Biotech Int. Ltd |
India |
Own R&D |
Vi-TT |
Licensure in India, Nepal, Nigeria |
WHO prequalified in January 2018 |
| Bio-Med Pvt. Ltd |
India |
Own R&D |
Vi-TT |
Licensure in India |
No plans for WHO PQ as of now |
| M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited |
India |
Unknown |
Vi-TT |
Licensed in India March 2018 |
WHO PQ will be sought |
| PT Bio Farma |
Indonesia |
IVI |
Vi-DT |
Phase II |
WHO PQ will be sought after the Indonesian NRA |
| Finlay Institute |
Cuba |
Unknown |
Vi-DT |
Phase I |
Unknown plans for WHO PQ |
| Lanzhou Institute (CNBG) |
China |
US NIH |
Vi-rEPA |
Licensure application submitted |
Interest in WHO PQ; need support |
| SK Bioscience |
S. Korea |
IVI |
Vi-DT |
Phase II |
WHO PQ will be sought after licensure |
| Incepta |
Bangladesh |
IVI |
Vi-DT |
Preclinical |
Interest in WHO PQ; need support |
| Biological E |
India |
NVGH (GSK) |
Vi-CRM |
Phase III |
WHO PQ will be sought after licensure |
| DAVAC |
Vietnam |
Own R&D |
Vi-DT |
Preclinical |
NA |
| Eubiologics |
Korea |
Own R&D |
Vi-TT |
Phase I |
Interest in WHO PQ: Unknown |
Therapeutics Development for Typhoid Fever
Antimicrobial Therapies
Antimicrobials have been the hallmark of typhoid therapeutics since time immemorial. The growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria now makes it imperative to come up with new treatment approaches. Some antibiotic drugs like fluoroquinolones and extended spectrum cephalosporin have also met with resistance, which prompted the search for other drugs such as azithromycin and the carbapenems.
Emerging Therapies
Research continues to expand our understanding of potential new therapeutics strategies, such as bacteriophage therapy. These viruses specifically critic bacteria and may present a new way to counter the antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. New strategies that would complement the damaging effect of antibiotics are also under exploration.
Our Services
We offer a comprehensive vaccine and therapy Development Service to further assist the effort against typhoid fever. Based from various areas of specialization, our multidisciplinary team works together to design and enhance potential vaccine candidates and therapeutic resources.
Disease Models
- Humanized Rag2-/- γc-/- Mouse Models
- Humanized NSG Mouse Models
- TLR11 Knockout Mouse Models
- Chimera Mouse Models with Mixed Mouse and Human Cells
Additionally, we provide preclinical research services designed to support the rigorous evaluation of vaccine and therapeutic candidates before entering clinical trials. If you are interested in our services, please feel free to contact us.
References
- Radhakrishnan, Amruta, et al. "Introductory article on global burden and epidemiology of typhoid fever." The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 99.3 Suppl (2018): 4.
- Syed, Khalid Ali, et al. "Review on the recent advances on typhoid vaccine development and challenges ahead." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71.Supplement_2 (2020): S141-S150.
All of our services and products are intended for preclinical research use
only and cannot be used to diagnose, treat or manage patients.
